In This ArticleView AllIn This ArticleWhat Does This Study Show?What Does This Mean for You?The Bottom Line
In This ArticleView All
View All
In This Article
What Does This Study Show?
What Does This Mean for You?
The Bottom Line
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EatingWell
Cardiovascular disease has been the No. 1 cause of death for both men and women in the U.S. for many years: according to theCenters for Disease Control and Prevention, 1 in 5 deaths in the U.S. can be attributed to heart disease.
Many factors contribute to heart disease, including diet, physical activity, stress, sleep and genetics. But the information on what lifestyle changes to make to prevent heart disease can be confusing—and some of it is even conflicting.
A new large literature review published on January 2, 2024, inNutrientshelps to summarize what previous research has indicated about diet and cardiovascular disease risk in an attempt to cut through the confusion further and clarify what can really help prevent this potentially deadly disease.
After weeding through over 60,000 studies, 124 met the criteria the researchers were looking for and were included in this review. When all the studies were added together, they included almost 108,000 men and women from five continents—North America, South America, Europe, Asia and Australia.
Researchers then combed through these studies, looking for associations between diet and cardiovascular disease. They also looked at deaths that occurred and lumped them into death from anything (all-cause mortality) and death from cardiovascular disease.
After adjusting for lifestyle, researchers ultimately found that overall, those with diets higher in protein and fat, and lower in carbohydrates, had lower rates of heart disease. This was compared to the average actual intake of these macronutrients, which (you’ll read more on this later) is not as balanced as it ideally would be.
But it’s important to note that not only does the quantity or ratio of macronutrients matter, but also the quality of the macronutrients.
Drilling down into the review’s findings, while higher overall protein intake was associated with a lower risk of death from heart disease, the risk of death did increase slightly with animal protein intake, whereas it decreased more significantly with plant-based protein intake.
There were similar findings associated with fat intake, where higher overall fat intake was associated with a lower risk of death from heart disease. But the risk of death did increase slightly with saturated fat intake, whereas it decreased slightly with intake of monounsaturated fat (the type of fat found in olive oil and avocados) and polyunsaturated fat (the type of fat found in oily fish, like salmon and mackerel, as well as walnuts).
This study also points out that the type of carbs matter. Researchers note that there is mounting evidence suggesting that highrefined carbohydrateintake is the culprit behind heart disease, in part due to its ability to quickly raise blood sugar. Blood sugar spikes set off a domino effect of processes in the body, ultimately resulting in inflammation. And we know thatinflammation is associated with heart diseaseand other chronic diseases. Conversely, a higher intake of complex carbohydrates is typically associated with improved health outcomes.
This review adds to the evidence that a balance of quality macronutrients—carbs, protein and fat—is necessary for disease prevention. According to these researchers, the sweet spot for carb intake is about half of your food intake—and most of your carbs should be high-quality.
High-quality carbsinclude whole grains, legumes, fruits, vegetables, nuts and seeds. These are the carbs that provide vitamins, minerals, antioxidants and fiber—all nutrients known to help prevent disease. And, a bonus: these foods are also sources ofplant proteinand healthy fats.
Unfortunately, most of us eat too many lower-quality foods. According to the2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, about 60% of us are eating too muchadded sugar, and 70% of us are eating too muchsaturated fat. Bothexcess added sugar and saturated fat have been linked with heart diseaseand other chronic diseases. So not only is the balance of macros off for most of us, but the quality isn’t there either.
With that said, it’s important to remember that not all macros are created equal. We’ve already seen the difference between refined carbs andwhole-grain carbohydrates.
There are also different types of saturated fats. For example, there is evidence that thetype of saturated fat in cheesemight not be as harmful as other types of saturated fats.
Both the quantity and quality of your macros matter. There is evidence that suggests staying on the lower end of the carbohydrate intake recommendation and the higher end for protein may offer some protection against heart disease. Include plenty of high-quality foods to make sure you’re getting enough vitamins, minerals, fiber and antioxidants to prevent not only heart disease but other diseases as well. Round out your healthy diet withplenty of physical activity, stress management, enough quality sleep and social activities for optimum disease prevention.
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