In This ArticleView AllIn This ArticleImmune Health 1016 “Good” Things That Could Be Bad for Your Immune Health
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Immune Health 101
6 “Good” Things That Could Be Bad for Your Immune Health
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Maintaining a strong immune system is essential for overall wellness since it acts as our body’s first line of defense against infections and illnesses. There are some factors that are out of our control when it comes to keeping illness at bay (if you have a child in childcare, you know what we are talking about). However, many of our lifestyle and dietary choices can have a profound impact on how our bodies combat illness or infection. But sometimes, some things that we perceive as “healthy” may inadvertently harm our immune function.
In this article, we will uncover some “good” things that could be bad for your immune health, according to experts, to help you know what to do and whatnotto do to help keep your body healthy.
6 “Bad” Things You Should Actually Be Doing for Better Gut Health, According to Experts
Why Immune Health Is Important
Immune health gets a lot of buzz these days, and for good reason. It is essential for maintaining overall well-being and quality of life. A robust immune system acts as your body’s first line of defense against harmful pathogens, including viruses and bacteria.When your immune system functions optimally, it helps reduce the risk of illnesses and may help reduce the duration of colds.
When you have a weak immune system, your body becomes more susceptible to infections and diseases. This diminished ability to fight off pathogens can result in more frequent illnesses, longer recovery times and an increased risk of more severe health complications. Common signs of a weakened immune system include recurrent colds, chronic fatigue and slow healing of wounds.
While factors like nutrition and lifestyle choices can impact immune health, other factors—like underlying conditions such as autoimmune disorders—may further compromise immune function. Additionally, age is a significant factor: As people grow older, their immune response tends to weaken, making them more vulnerable to infections.Furthermore, chronic stress can affect the body’s ability to regulate immune responses.
Some things that sound good for you may be not-so-great for your immune health. We asked some registered dietitians to share some surprising “good” things that could be bad for your immune health. Here is what they said.
1. Over Consuming Zinc
Zinc is a popular supplement that people take when they feel under the weather, gaining even more popularity when data showed that zinc supplementations may have a positive impact on COVID infection outcomes.But don’t think that taking mountains of zinc supplements will always work wonders for your health.
“Taking excessive zinc supplements can impair the absorption of iron and copper,” sharedLisa Andrews, M.Ed., RD, LD,a registered dietitian in Cincinnati, OH. Copper plays a critical role in maintaining a healthy immune system, as it is essential for the development and function of immune cells, particularly neutrophils and lymphocytes, which are vital for the body’s defense against infections.
Andrews advised obtaining zinc naturally in your diet through whole grains, nuts, seeds, beans, lentils, poultry and fortified cereal. She also suggests that you “talk to your doctor or dietitian before taking a zinc supplement.”
2. Eating a Low-Fat Diet
“Eating a diet low in fat may seem like a good thing, but you will be missing out on the healthy fats which are vital for immune function and overall health,” perMichelle Rauch, M.Sc., RDN,registered dietitian nutritionist for The Actors Fund.
“Healthy fats include unsaturated fats such as those found in olive oil, avocado and certain nuts and polyunsaturated fats such as those found in fatty fishes (think: salmon and sardines), chia seeds and walnuts. Two types of polyunsaturated fats—omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids—are important for immunity,” she added.
3. Cleaning Too Much
Maintaining good hygiene is essential for preventing illness, but excessive cleanliness can paradoxically undermine immune health. Constantly sanitizing our environments and bodies can limit our exposure to a variety of microorganisms that our immune system needs to learn from. This concept is part of the “hygiene hypothesis,” which suggests that a lack of early childhood exposure to infectious agents, symbiotic microorganisms and parasites increases susceptibility to allergic diseases and autoimmune disorders. When we shield ourselves from these organisms, our immune system may become less effective and more prone to overreacting to harmless substances, resulting in allergies or other immune-related conditions. Data continues to emerge regarding this notion.
But this doesn’t mean that you should skip basic hygienic steps, like washing your hands. Hand hygiene plays the most important role in infection control activities.But excessive use of antibacterial soaps for a long duration is not recommended, according to some (not all) experts.
4. Excessive Exercise
While regular physical activity is essential for maintaining a robust immune system, excessive exercise can have the opposite effect. When individuals engage in high-intensity workouts or prolonged training without adequate recovery, the body may experience heightened levels of stress hormones, such as cortisol. Elevated cortisol can inhibit the functioning of immune cells, making the body more susceptible to infections and illnesses.Additionally, overtraining can lead to fatigue, particularly in athletes, which can further compromise their immune response.
Furthermore, excessive exercise can also be linked to inflammation and disrupt the balance of beneficial gut bacteria that are crucial for healthy immune function.A weakened gut microbiome can impair the body’s ability to fend off pathogens, increasing the risk of gastrointestinal issues and other infections.Therefore, it is vital for individuals engaging in strenuous exercise to prioritize rest and recovery, ensuring they maintain an optimal balance that supports their immune health rather than undermining it.
5. Drinking Alcohol—Including Red Wine
Drinking wine, particularly red wine, is often touted for itspotential health benefits, including the presence of antioxidants like resveratrol, which is believed to contribute to heart health and possibly extend lifespan.
However, while moderate consumption might have some benefits, excessive or frequent drinking of alcohol of any kind can have negative effects on immune health. Alcohol, including wine, can impair the body’s immune response, making it more susceptible to infections and diseases. Regular consumption can lead to the weakening of the immune system, as it affects the production of immune cells and alters the gut microbiome, which is crucial for a balanced immune response.Thus, the potential health benefits of wine should be carefully weighed against its risks, particularly for those concerned about maintaining a robust immune function.
6. Only Relying on Supplements for Nutrients
For instance, consider those who rely heavily on vitamin C supplements to meet their needs while neglecting their intake of citrus fruits, such as oranges and grapefruits. While vitamin C is important for immune function, these fruits also contain hesperidin, a powerful flavonoid that offers additional health benefits, like reducing inflammation and providing antioxidant protection.By choosing supplements over whole foods, you may inadvertently miss out on certain compounds, like hesperidin, which may offer protective properties and other synergistic nutrients found in foods, ultimately compromising overall immune health.
Other Tips for Supporting Immune Health
While there are some habits that sound healthy but may not support immune health, there are others that actually may be good things to adopt to help keep your immune health in tip-top shape.
The Bottom Line
While it’s easy to view many aspects of our daily lives as purely beneficial, the reality is that even the “good” can have a downside when it comes to immune health. From excessive exercise to being a bittooclean, it’s crucial to strike a balance. Embracing moderation and being mindful of our habits can help ensure that these seemingly positive factors contribute to our well-being rather than detract from it. So let’s cherish the good things, but always remember that finding balance is key to a strong and resilient immune system!
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SourcesEatingWell uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable and trustworthy.Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG).In brief: How does the immune system work? InformedHealth.org - NCBI Bookshelf.Gombart AF, Pierre A, Maggini S.A Review of Micronutrients and the Immune System-Working in Harmony to Reduce the Risk of Infection.Nutrients. 2020 Jan 16;12(1):236. doi: 10.3390/nu12010236.Suardi C, Cazzaniga E, Graci S, Dongo D, Palestini P.Link between Viral Infections, Immune System, Inflammation and Diet.Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Mar 2;18(5):2455. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18052455.Haynes L.Aging of the Immune System: Research Challenges to Enhance the Health Span of Older Adults.Front Aging.2020 Oct 15;1:602108. doi: 10.3389/fragi.2020.602108.Ravi M, Miller AH, Michopoulos V.The Immunology of Stress and the Impact of Inflammation on the Brain and Behavior.BJPsych Adv. 2021 May;27(Suppl 3):158-165. doi: 10.1192/bja.2020.82.Ben Abdallah S, Mhalla Y, Trabelsi I, Sekma A, Youssef R, Bel Haj Ali K, Ben Soltane H, Yacoubi H, Msolli MA, Stambouli N, Beltaief K, Grissa MH, Khrouf M, Mezgar Z, Loussaief C, Bouida W, Razgallah R, Hezbri K, Belguith A, Belkacem N, Dridi Z, Boubaker H, Boukef R, Nouira S. Twice-Daily Oral Zinc in the Treatment of Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Trial.Clin Infect Dis. 2023 Jan 13;76(2):185-191. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciac807.Liu Y, Zhu J, Xu L, Wang B, Lin W, Luo Y.Copper regulation of immune response and potential implications for treating orthopedic disorders.Front Mol Biosci.2022 Dec 5;9:1065265. doi: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1065265.Sheppe AEF, Edelmann MJ.Roles of Eicosanoids in Regulating Inflammation and Neutrophil Migration as an Innate Host Response to Bacterial Infections.Infect Immun.2021 Jul 15;89(8):e0009521. doi: 10.1128/IAI.00095-21.Gupta V, Kumar R, Sood U, Singhvi N.Reconciling Hygiene and Cleanliness: A New Perspective from Human Microbiome.Indian J Microbiol. 2020 Mar;60(1):37-44. doi: 10.1007/s12088-019-00839-5.Chu B, Marwaha K, Sanvictores T, Awosika AO, Ayers D.Physiology, stress reaction.StatPearls - NCBI BookshelfGarbarino S, Lanteri P, Bragazzi NL, Magnavita N, Scoditti E.Role of sleep deprivation in immune-related disease risk and outcomes.Commun Biol.2021 Nov 18;4(1):1304. doi: 10.1038/s42003-021-02825-4.Bonomini-Gnutzmann R, Plaza-Díaz J, Jorquera-Aguilera C, Rodríguez-Rodríguez A, Rodríguez-Rodríguez F.Effect of Intensity and Duration of Exercise on Gut Microbiota in Humans: A Systematic Review.Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Aug 3;19(15):9518. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19159518.Wiertsema SP, van Bergenhenegouwen J, Garssen J, Knippels LMJ.The Interplay between the Gut Microbiome and the Immune System in the Context of Infectious Diseases throughout Life and the Role of Nutrition in Optimizing Treatment Strategies.Nutrients. 2021 Mar 9;13(3):886. doi: 10.3390/nu13030886.Zhou DD, Luo M, Huang SY, Saimaiti A, Shang A, Gan RY, Li HB.Effects and Mechanisms of Resveratrol on Aging and Age-Related Diseases.Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2021 Jul 11;2021:9932218. doi: 10.1155/2021/9932218.Tharmalingam J, Gangadaran P, Rajendran RL, Ahn BC.Impact of Alcohol on Inflammation, Immunity, Infections, and Extracellular Vesicles in Pathogenesis.Cureus. 2024 Mar 25;16(3):e56923. doi: 10.7759/cureus.56923.Shakoor H, Feehan J, Apostolopoulos V, Platat C, Al Dhaheri AS, Ali HI, Ismail LC, Bosevski M, Stojanovska L.Immunomodulatory Effects of Dietary Polyphenols.Nutrients. 2021 Feb 25;13(3):728. doi: 10.3390/nu13030728.Ullah A, Munir S, Badshah SL, Khan N, Ghani L, Poulson BG, Emwas AH, Jaremko M.Important Flavonoids and Their Role as a Therapeutic Agent.Molecules. 2020 Nov 11;25(22):5243. doi: 10.3390/molecules25225243.Tejada S, Pinya S, Martorell M, Capó X, Tur JA, Pons A, Sureda A.Potential Anti-inflammatory Effects of Hesperidin from the Genus Citrus.Curr Med Chem. 2018;25(37):4929-4945. doi: 10.2174/0929867324666170718104412.Vora A, Kalra S, Thakor P, Malve H, Chamle V, Patil A.Connecting the Dots: Hydration, Micronutrients, and Immunity.J Assoc Physicians India. 2024 Jun;72(6S):25-29. doi: 10.59556/japi.72.0546.da Silveira MP, da Silva Fagundes KK, Bizuti MR, Starck É, Rossi RC, de Resende E Silva DT.Physical exercise as a tool to help the immune system against COVID-19: an integrative review of the current literature.Clin Exp Med.2021 Feb;21(1):15-28. doi: 10.1007/s10238-020-00650-3.Garbarino S, Lanteri P, Bragazzi NL, Magnavita N, Scoditti E.Role of sleep deprivation in immune-related disease risk and outcomes.Commun Biol.2021 Nov 18;4(1):1304. doi: 10.1038/s42003-021-02825-4.Mahmoudzadeh L, Abtahi Froushani SM, Ajami M, Mahmoudzadeh M.Effect of Nicotine on Immune System Function.Adv Pharm Bull.2023 Jan;13(1):69-78. doi: 10.34172/apb.2023.008.
Sources
EatingWell uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable and trustworthy.Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG).In brief: How does the immune system work? InformedHealth.org - NCBI Bookshelf.Gombart AF, Pierre A, Maggini S.A Review of Micronutrients and the Immune System-Working in Harmony to Reduce the Risk of Infection.Nutrients. 2020 Jan 16;12(1):236. doi: 10.3390/nu12010236.Suardi C, Cazzaniga E, Graci S, Dongo D, Palestini P.Link between Viral Infections, Immune System, Inflammation and Diet.Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Mar 2;18(5):2455. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18052455.Haynes L.Aging of the Immune System: Research Challenges to Enhance the Health Span of Older Adults.Front Aging.2020 Oct 15;1:602108. doi: 10.3389/fragi.2020.602108.Ravi M, Miller AH, Michopoulos V.The Immunology of Stress and the Impact of Inflammation on the Brain and Behavior.BJPsych Adv. 2021 May;27(Suppl 3):158-165. doi: 10.1192/bja.2020.82.Ben Abdallah S, Mhalla Y, Trabelsi I, Sekma A, Youssef R, Bel Haj Ali K, Ben Soltane H, Yacoubi H, Msolli MA, Stambouli N, Beltaief K, Grissa MH, Khrouf M, Mezgar Z, Loussaief C, Bouida W, Razgallah R, Hezbri K, Belguith A, Belkacem N, Dridi Z, Boubaker H, Boukef R, Nouira S. Twice-Daily Oral Zinc in the Treatment of Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Trial.Clin Infect Dis. 2023 Jan 13;76(2):185-191. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciac807.Liu Y, Zhu J, Xu L, Wang B, Lin W, Luo Y.Copper regulation of immune response and potential implications for treating orthopedic disorders.Front Mol Biosci.2022 Dec 5;9:1065265. doi: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1065265.Sheppe AEF, Edelmann MJ.Roles of Eicosanoids in Regulating Inflammation and Neutrophil Migration as an Innate Host Response to Bacterial Infections.Infect Immun.2021 Jul 15;89(8):e0009521. doi: 10.1128/IAI.00095-21.Gupta V, Kumar R, Sood U, Singhvi N.Reconciling Hygiene and Cleanliness: A New Perspective from Human Microbiome.Indian J Microbiol. 2020 Mar;60(1):37-44. doi: 10.1007/s12088-019-00839-5.Chu B, Marwaha K, Sanvictores T, Awosika AO, Ayers D.Physiology, stress reaction.StatPearls - NCBI BookshelfGarbarino S, Lanteri P, Bragazzi NL, Magnavita N, Scoditti E.Role of sleep deprivation in immune-related disease risk and outcomes.Commun Biol.2021 Nov 18;4(1):1304. doi: 10.1038/s42003-021-02825-4.Bonomini-Gnutzmann R, Plaza-Díaz J, Jorquera-Aguilera C, Rodríguez-Rodríguez A, Rodríguez-Rodríguez F.Effect of Intensity and Duration of Exercise on Gut Microbiota in Humans: A Systematic Review.Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Aug 3;19(15):9518. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19159518.Wiertsema SP, van Bergenhenegouwen J, Garssen J, Knippels LMJ.The Interplay between the Gut Microbiome and the Immune System in the Context of Infectious Diseases throughout Life and the Role of Nutrition in Optimizing Treatment Strategies.Nutrients. 2021 Mar 9;13(3):886. doi: 10.3390/nu13030886.Zhou DD, Luo M, Huang SY, Saimaiti A, Shang A, Gan RY, Li HB.Effects and Mechanisms of Resveratrol on Aging and Age-Related Diseases.Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2021 Jul 11;2021:9932218. doi: 10.1155/2021/9932218.Tharmalingam J, Gangadaran P, Rajendran RL, Ahn BC.Impact of Alcohol on Inflammation, Immunity, Infections, and Extracellular Vesicles in Pathogenesis.Cureus. 2024 Mar 25;16(3):e56923. doi: 10.7759/cureus.56923.Shakoor H, Feehan J, Apostolopoulos V, Platat C, Al Dhaheri AS, Ali HI, Ismail LC, Bosevski M, Stojanovska L.Immunomodulatory Effects of Dietary Polyphenols.Nutrients. 2021 Feb 25;13(3):728. doi: 10.3390/nu13030728.Ullah A, Munir S, Badshah SL, Khan N, Ghani L, Poulson BG, Emwas AH, Jaremko M.Important Flavonoids and Their Role as a Therapeutic Agent.Molecules. 2020 Nov 11;25(22):5243. doi: 10.3390/molecules25225243.Tejada S, Pinya S, Martorell M, Capó X, Tur JA, Pons A, Sureda A.Potential Anti-inflammatory Effects of Hesperidin from the Genus Citrus.Curr Med Chem. 2018;25(37):4929-4945. doi: 10.2174/0929867324666170718104412.Vora A, Kalra S, Thakor P, Malve H, Chamle V, Patil A.Connecting the Dots: Hydration, Micronutrients, and Immunity.J Assoc Physicians India. 2024 Jun;72(6S):25-29. doi: 10.59556/japi.72.0546.da Silveira MP, da Silva Fagundes KK, Bizuti MR, Starck É, Rossi RC, de Resende E Silva DT.Physical exercise as a tool to help the immune system against COVID-19: an integrative review of the current literature.Clin Exp Med.2021 Feb;21(1):15-28. doi: 10.1007/s10238-020-00650-3.Garbarino S, Lanteri P, Bragazzi NL, Magnavita N, Scoditti E.Role of sleep deprivation in immune-related disease risk and outcomes.Commun Biol.2021 Nov 18;4(1):1304. doi: 10.1038/s42003-021-02825-4.Mahmoudzadeh L, Abtahi Froushani SM, Ajami M, Mahmoudzadeh M.Effect of Nicotine on Immune System Function.Adv Pharm Bull.2023 Jan;13(1):69-78. doi: 10.34172/apb.2023.008.
EatingWell uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable and trustworthy.
Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG).In brief: How does the immune system work? InformedHealth.org - NCBI Bookshelf.Gombart AF, Pierre A, Maggini S.A Review of Micronutrients and the Immune System-Working in Harmony to Reduce the Risk of Infection.Nutrients. 2020 Jan 16;12(1):236. doi: 10.3390/nu12010236.Suardi C, Cazzaniga E, Graci S, Dongo D, Palestini P.Link between Viral Infections, Immune System, Inflammation and Diet.Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Mar 2;18(5):2455. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18052455.Haynes L.Aging of the Immune System: Research Challenges to Enhance the Health Span of Older Adults.Front Aging.2020 Oct 15;1:602108. doi: 10.3389/fragi.2020.602108.Ravi M, Miller AH, Michopoulos V.The Immunology of Stress and the Impact of Inflammation on the Brain and Behavior.BJPsych Adv. 2021 May;27(Suppl 3):158-165. doi: 10.1192/bja.2020.82.Ben Abdallah S, Mhalla Y, Trabelsi I, Sekma A, Youssef R, Bel Haj Ali K, Ben Soltane H, Yacoubi H, Msolli MA, Stambouli N, Beltaief K, Grissa MH, Khrouf M, Mezgar Z, Loussaief C, Bouida W, Razgallah R, Hezbri K, Belguith A, Belkacem N, Dridi Z, Boubaker H, Boukef R, Nouira S. Twice-Daily Oral Zinc in the Treatment of Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Trial.Clin Infect Dis. 2023 Jan 13;76(2):185-191. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciac807.Liu Y, Zhu J, Xu L, Wang B, Lin W, Luo Y.Copper regulation of immune response and potential implications for treating orthopedic disorders.Front Mol Biosci.2022 Dec 5;9:1065265. doi: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1065265.Sheppe AEF, Edelmann MJ.Roles of Eicosanoids in Regulating Inflammation and Neutrophil Migration as an Innate Host Response to Bacterial Infections.Infect Immun.2021 Jul 15;89(8):e0009521. doi: 10.1128/IAI.00095-21.Gupta V, Kumar R, Sood U, Singhvi N.Reconciling Hygiene and Cleanliness: A New Perspective from Human Microbiome.Indian J Microbiol. 2020 Mar;60(1):37-44. doi: 10.1007/s12088-019-00839-5.Chu B, Marwaha K, Sanvictores T, Awosika AO, Ayers D.Physiology, stress reaction.StatPearls - NCBI BookshelfGarbarino S, Lanteri P, Bragazzi NL, Magnavita N, Scoditti E.Role of sleep deprivation in immune-related disease risk and outcomes.Commun Biol.2021 Nov 18;4(1):1304. doi: 10.1038/s42003-021-02825-4.Bonomini-Gnutzmann R, Plaza-Díaz J, Jorquera-Aguilera C, Rodríguez-Rodríguez A, Rodríguez-Rodríguez F.Effect of Intensity and Duration of Exercise on Gut Microbiota in Humans: A Systematic Review.Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Aug 3;19(15):9518. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19159518.Wiertsema SP, van Bergenhenegouwen J, Garssen J, Knippels LMJ.The Interplay between the Gut Microbiome and the Immune System in the Context of Infectious Diseases throughout Life and the Role of Nutrition in Optimizing Treatment Strategies.Nutrients. 2021 Mar 9;13(3):886. doi: 10.3390/nu13030886.Zhou DD, Luo M, Huang SY, Saimaiti A, Shang A, Gan RY, Li HB.Effects and Mechanisms of Resveratrol on Aging and Age-Related Diseases.Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2021 Jul 11;2021:9932218. doi: 10.1155/2021/9932218.Tharmalingam J, Gangadaran P, Rajendran RL, Ahn BC.Impact of Alcohol on Inflammation, Immunity, Infections, and Extracellular Vesicles in Pathogenesis.Cureus. 2024 Mar 25;16(3):e56923. doi: 10.7759/cureus.56923.Shakoor H, Feehan J, Apostolopoulos V, Platat C, Al Dhaheri AS, Ali HI, Ismail LC, Bosevski M, Stojanovska L.Immunomodulatory Effects of Dietary Polyphenols.Nutrients. 2021 Feb 25;13(3):728. doi: 10.3390/nu13030728.Ullah A, Munir S, Badshah SL, Khan N, Ghani L, Poulson BG, Emwas AH, Jaremko M.Important Flavonoids and Their Role as a Therapeutic Agent.Molecules. 2020 Nov 11;25(22):5243. doi: 10.3390/molecules25225243.Tejada S, Pinya S, Martorell M, Capó X, Tur JA, Pons A, Sureda A.Potential Anti-inflammatory Effects of Hesperidin from the Genus Citrus.Curr Med Chem. 2018;25(37):4929-4945. doi: 10.2174/0929867324666170718104412.Vora A, Kalra S, Thakor P, Malve H, Chamle V, Patil A.Connecting the Dots: Hydration, Micronutrients, and Immunity.J Assoc Physicians India. 2024 Jun;72(6S):25-29. doi: 10.59556/japi.72.0546.da Silveira MP, da Silva Fagundes KK, Bizuti MR, Starck É, Rossi RC, de Resende E Silva DT.Physical exercise as a tool to help the immune system against COVID-19: an integrative review of the current literature.Clin Exp Med.2021 Feb;21(1):15-28. doi: 10.1007/s10238-020-00650-3.Garbarino S, Lanteri P, Bragazzi NL, Magnavita N, Scoditti E.Role of sleep deprivation in immune-related disease risk and outcomes.Commun Biol.2021 Nov 18;4(1):1304. doi: 10.1038/s42003-021-02825-4.Mahmoudzadeh L, Abtahi Froushani SM, Ajami M, Mahmoudzadeh M.Effect of Nicotine on Immune System Function.Adv Pharm Bull.2023 Jan;13(1):69-78. doi: 10.34172/apb.2023.008.
Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG).In brief: How does the immune system work? InformedHealth.org - NCBI Bookshelf.
Gombart AF, Pierre A, Maggini S.A Review of Micronutrients and the Immune System-Working in Harmony to Reduce the Risk of Infection.Nutrients. 2020 Jan 16;12(1):236. doi: 10.3390/nu12010236.
Suardi C, Cazzaniga E, Graci S, Dongo D, Palestini P.Link between Viral Infections, Immune System, Inflammation and Diet.Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Mar 2;18(5):2455. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18052455.
Haynes L.Aging of the Immune System: Research Challenges to Enhance the Health Span of Older Adults.Front Aging.2020 Oct 15;1:602108. doi: 10.3389/fragi.2020.602108.
Ravi M, Miller AH, Michopoulos V.The Immunology of Stress and the Impact of Inflammation on the Brain and Behavior.BJPsych Adv. 2021 May;27(Suppl 3):158-165. doi: 10.1192/bja.2020.82.
Ben Abdallah S, Mhalla Y, Trabelsi I, Sekma A, Youssef R, Bel Haj Ali K, Ben Soltane H, Yacoubi H, Msolli MA, Stambouli N, Beltaief K, Grissa MH, Khrouf M, Mezgar Z, Loussaief C, Bouida W, Razgallah R, Hezbri K, Belguith A, Belkacem N, Dridi Z, Boubaker H, Boukef R, Nouira S. Twice-Daily Oral Zinc in the Treatment of Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Trial.Clin Infect Dis. 2023 Jan 13;76(2):185-191. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciac807.
Liu Y, Zhu J, Xu L, Wang B, Lin W, Luo Y.Copper regulation of immune response and potential implications for treating orthopedic disorders.Front Mol Biosci.2022 Dec 5;9:1065265. doi: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1065265.
Sheppe AEF, Edelmann MJ.Roles of Eicosanoids in Regulating Inflammation and Neutrophil Migration as an Innate Host Response to Bacterial Infections.Infect Immun.2021 Jul 15;89(8):e0009521. doi: 10.1128/IAI.00095-21.
Gupta V, Kumar R, Sood U, Singhvi N.Reconciling Hygiene and Cleanliness: A New Perspective from Human Microbiome.Indian J Microbiol. 2020 Mar;60(1):37-44. doi: 10.1007/s12088-019-00839-5.
Chu B, Marwaha K, Sanvictores T, Awosika AO, Ayers D.Physiology, stress reaction.StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf
Garbarino S, Lanteri P, Bragazzi NL, Magnavita N, Scoditti E.Role of sleep deprivation in immune-related disease risk and outcomes.Commun Biol.2021 Nov 18;4(1):1304. doi: 10.1038/s42003-021-02825-4.
Bonomini-Gnutzmann R, Plaza-Díaz J, Jorquera-Aguilera C, Rodríguez-Rodríguez A, Rodríguez-Rodríguez F.Effect of Intensity and Duration of Exercise on Gut Microbiota in Humans: A Systematic Review.Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Aug 3;19(15):9518. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19159518.
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Zhou DD, Luo M, Huang SY, Saimaiti A, Shang A, Gan RY, Li HB.Effects and Mechanisms of Resveratrol on Aging and Age-Related Diseases.Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2021 Jul 11;2021:9932218. doi: 10.1155/2021/9932218.
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